Insuficiência cardíaca, exercício físico e sistema inflamatório / Heart failure, exercise training and systemic inflammatory

Fundamentação: No contexto do tratamento da insuficiência cardíaca (IC) se torna relevante a melhor compreensão das repercussões da interação entre exercício físico e inflamação, tendo em vista a forte influência de ambos na evolução clínica dos portadores da síndrome. Objetivo: Busca de informações sobre as repercussões do exercício físico no perfil inflamatório de pacientes com IC. Métodos: Busca por periódicos nas bases de dados, CONCHRANE, PUBMED, LILACS. Os seguintes termos MeSH foram utilizados: heart failure, inflammatory mediators e exercise. Os estudos foram selecionados por dois avaliadores, segundo critérios do instrumento Delphi List. Resultados: Dezenove ensaios clínicos controlados foram selecionados. Os estudos foram semelhantes quanto à modalidade e protocolos de exercícios físicos utilizados na investigação dos efeitos no comportamento dos mediadores inflamatórios, havendo, entretanto, predominância no uso da atividade aeróbica de moderada intensidade. Os desfechos dos estudos mostram redução crônica de citocinas pró-inflamatória de ação sistêmica e cardíaca, como também de ação endotelial e de apoptose celular em decorrência do exercício físico. Nenhum estudo avaliou a influência do exercício de alta intensidade sobre os marcadores inflamatórios. Conclusões: Tem sido demonstrado que o exercício físico utilizado predominantemente de forma aeróbica com intensidade moderada proporciona estabilização e diminuição dos marcadores pró-inflamatórios, algo desejável no tratamento da IC. Não foram encontrados estudos evidenciando o efeito isolado do exercício resistido, assim como o efeito do exercício de alta intensidade sobre os marcadores inflamatórios em pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca.

Epidemiología Inversa: baja concentración del LDL modificadas y morbimortalidad cardiovascular en pacientes en hemodiálisis / Reverse epidemiology: low concentration of modified LDL and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in hemodialysis patients / Epidemiologia Reversa: baixa concentração de LDL modificadas e morbimortalidade cardiovascular em pacientes em hemodiálise

La disminución de colesterol-LDL (c-LDL) se considera meta principal del tratamiento de pacientes con riesgo cardiovascular. Sin embargo, pacientes con Enfermedad Renal Crónica (ERC) en hemodiálisis presentan c-LDL menor de 100 mg/dL, aumentos moderados de triglicéridos y baja frecuencia de colesterol-HDL por debajo de valores deseables. Esta condición se encuadra dentro del fenómeno conocido como "epidemiología inversa", en la cual la conocida asociación prevalente entre hipercolesterolemia, hipertensión arterial, obesidad y morbimortalidad por eventos cardiovasculares no se encuentra y, por el contrario se invierte la estrecha relación de estos parámetros con eventos cardiovasculares propia de los pacientes no hemodializados. Por un lado el 35% de los pacientes con ERC presentan diabetes mellitus tipo 2 y por otra parte, existen otros factores patogénicos menos conocidos como la Lipoproteína asociada a Fosfolipasa A2, la Proteína C Reactiva, los remanentes lipoproteicos, la Lp(a) y enzimas y proteínas asociadas a la HDL, como la Paraoxonasa y Apo A-I. El conjunto de factores descritos podrían reemplazar, en pacientes con ERC en hemodiálisis, al colesterol-LDL (c-LDL), típico analito que en otros pacientes actúa como factor de riesgo y/o patogénico de aterosclerosis y no sólo como marcador circulante. Una explicación plausible respecto al c-LDL disminuído es la modificación cualitativa de LDL por oxidación, glicación, carbamilación, la presencia de LDL pequeñas y densas, fenómenos inflamatorios y malnutrición.

Epidemiología Inversa: baja concentración del LDL modificadas y morbimortalidad cardiovascular en pacientes en hemodiálisis / Reverse epidemiology: low concentration of modified LDL and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in hemodialysis patients

La disminución de colesterol-LDL (c-LDL) se considera meta principal del tratamiento de pacientes con riesgo cardiovascular. Sin embargo, pacientes con Enfermedad Renal Crónica (ERC) en hemodiálisis presentan c-LDL menor de 100 mg/dL, aumentos moderados de triglicéridos y baja frecuencia de colesterol-HDL por debajo de valores deseables. Esta condición se encuadra dentro del fenómeno conocido como "epidemiología inversa", en la cual la conocida asociación prevalente entre hipercolesterolemia, hipertensión arterial, obesidad y morbimortalidad por eventos cardiovasculares no se encuentra y, por el contrario se invierte la estrecha relación de estos parámetros con eventos cardiovasculares propia de los pacientes no hemodializados. Por un lado el 35% de los pacientes con ERC presentan diabetes mellitus tipo 2 y por otra parte, existen otros factores patogénicos menos conocidos como la Lipoproteína asociada a Fosfolipasa A2, la Proteína C Reactiva, los remanentes lipoproteicos, la Lp(a) y enzimas y proteínas asociadas a la HDL, como la Paraoxonasa y Apo A-I. El conjunto de factores descritos podrían reemplazar, en pacientes con ERC en hemodiálisis, al colesterol-LDL (c-LDL), típico analito que en otros pacientes actúa como factor de riesgo y/o patogénico de aterosclerosis y no sólo como marcador circulante. Una explicación plausible respecto al c-LDL disminuído es la modificación cualitativa de LDL por oxidación, glicación, carbamilación, la presencia de LDL pequeñas y densas, fenómenos inflamatorios y malnutrición.(AU)

Epidemiología Inversa: baja concentración de LDL modificadas y morbimortalidad cardiovascular en pacientes en hemodiálisis / Reverse epidemiology: low concentration of modified LDL and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in hemodialysis patients / Epidemiologia Reversa: baixa concentraþÒo de LDL modificadas e morbimortalidade cardiovascular em pacientes em hemodiálise

La disminución de colesterol-LDL (c-LDL) se considera meta principal del tratamiento de pacientes con riesgo cardiovascular. Sin embargo, pacientes con Enfermedad Renal Crónica (ERC) en hemodiálisis presentan c-LDL menor de 100 mg/dL, aumentos moderados de triglicéridos y baja frecuencia de colesterol-HDL por debajo de valores deseables. Esta condición se encuadra dentro del fenómeno conocido como "epidemiología inversa", en la cual la conocida asociación prevalente entre hipercolesterolemia, hipertensión arterial, obesidad y morbimortalidad por eventos cardiovasculares no se encuentra y, por el contrario se invierte la estrecha relación de estos parámetros con eventos cardiovasculares propia de los pacientes no hemodializados. Por un lado el 35% de los pacientes con ERC presentan diabetes mellitus tipo 2 y por otra parte, existen otros factores patogénicos menos conocidos como la Lipoproteína asociada a Fosfolipasa A2, la Proteína C Reactiva, los remanentes lipoproteicos, la Lp(a) y enzimas y proteínas asociadas a la HDL, como la Paraoxonasa y Apo A-I. El conjunto de factores descritos podrían reemplazar, en pacientes con ERC en hemodiálisis, al colesterol-LDL (c-LDL), típico analito que en otros pacientes actúa como factor de riesgo y/o patogénico de aterosclerosis y no sólo como marcador circulante. Una explicación plausible respecto al c-LDL disminuído es la modificación cualitativa de LDL por oxidación, glicación, carbamilación, la presencia de LDL pequeñas y densas, fenómenos inflamatorios y malnutrición.(AU)

The decrease in LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) is considered the main goal in the treatment of patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular risk. However, patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) on hemodialysis have LDL-C below 100 mg/dL, moderate increases in triglycerides and low frequency of HDL cholesterol values below desirable.This condition fits into the phenomenon known as "reverse epidemiology", in which the normal relationship between hypercholesterolemia, high blood pressure, obesity and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality is not found; contrarily, there is a reversal in the close relationship of these parameters with cardiovascular events typical of non-hemodialyzed patients. On the one hand, 35% of CKD patients have Type 2 diabetes mellitus and on the other hand, there are other lesser known pathogenic factors such as lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2, C-reactive protein, remnant lipoproteins, Lp(a) and enzymes and proteins associated to HDL such as paraoxonase and Apo A-I. The set of factors described could replace, in CKD patients on hemodialysis, LDL cholesterol, a typical analyte that, in other patients, acts as a risk and/or pathogenesis factor of atherosclerosis and not only as a circulating marker. A likely explanation for decreased C-LDL cholesterol is qualitative modification of LDL as a result of oxidation, glycation, carbamylation, occurrence of small and dense LDL, inflammatory phenomena and malnutrition.(AU)

A diminuiþÒo de colesterol-LDL (c-LDL) considera-se objetivo principal do tratamento de pacientes com risco cardiovascular. Entretanto, pacientes com Doenþa Renal Cr¶nica (ERC) em hemodiálise apresentam c-LDL menor de 100 mg/dL, aumentos moderados de triglicerídeos e baixa frequÛncia de colesterol-HDL inferior aos valores desejáveis. Esta condiþÒo se enquadra dentro do fen¶meno conhecido como "epidemiologia reversa", na qual a conhecida associaþÒo prevalente entre hipercolesterolemia, hipertensÒo arterial, obesidade e morbimortalidade por eventos cardiovasculares nÒo se encontra e, pelo contrário se inverte a estreita relaþÒo destes parÔmetros com eventos cardiovasculares própria dos pacientes nÒo hemodialisados. De um lado, 35% dos pacientes com ERC apresentam Diabetes Melito tipo 2 e do outro, existem diferentes fatores patogÛnicos menos conhecidos como a Lipoproteína associada a Fosfolipase A2, a Proteína C Reativa, os remanescentes lipoproteicos, a Lp(a) e enzimas e proteínas associadas O HDL, como a Paraoxonase e Apo A-I. O conjunto de fatores descritos poderia substituir, em pacientes com ERC em hemodiálise, o colesterol-LDL (c-LDL), típico analito que em outros pacientes age como fator de risco e/ou patogÛnico de aterosclerose e nÒo só como marcador circulante. Uma explicaþÒo plausível a respeito do c-LDL diminuído é a modificaþÒo qualitativa de LDL por oxidaþÒo, glicaþÒo, carbamilaþÒo, a presenþa de LDL pequenas e densas, fen¶menos inflamatórios e malnutriþÒo.(AU)

Endothelial lipase activity predicts high-density lipoprotein catabolism in hemodialysis: novel phospholipase assay in postheparin human plasma.

OBJECTIVE: A novel phospholipase assay was used to measure for the first time the behavior of endothelial and hepatic phospholipase activities in postheparin human plasma of hemodialyzed patients and its relationship with atherogenic and antiatherogenic lipoprotein levels. METHODS AND RESULTS: Endothelial and hepatic phospholipase activity was assessed in a total SN1-specific phospholipase assay, using (1-decanoylthio-1-deoxy-2-decanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoryl) ethylene glycol as the substrate. Hemodialyzed patients presented lower values of total and hepatic phospholipase activity than controls: 4.4 (1.9-9.0) versus 7.5 (3.6-18.0) and 2.6 (0.7-6.2) versus 6.6 (1.3-15.2) µmol of fatty acid released per milliliter of postheparin plasma per hour, respectively (P<0.001); however, endothelial lipase (EL) phospholipase activity was increased in patients: 1.7 (0.8-3.0) versus 1.1 (0.1-2.7) µmol of fatty acid released per milliliter of postheparin plasma per hour (P=0.008). EL was negatively associated with high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol (r=-0.427; P=0.001), and apolipoprotein A-I levels, total phospholipase, and hepatic lipase activity were directly associated with low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol and apolipoprotein B. The association of EL and HDL-cholesterol remained significant when adjusting for waist circumference (ß=-0.26; P=0.05), and the effect of hepatic lipase on low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol continued after adjusting for age (ß=0.46; P= 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Our results support the hypothesis that EL is the predominant enzyme responsible for lipolytic catabolism of HDLs in hemodialyzed patients and resolve the apparent paradox observed between low hepatic lipase activity and decreased HDL-cholesterol levels observed in these patients. In addition, the ability to assess total hepatic lipase and EL phospholipase activity in plasma will increase our knowledge of the mechanisms involved in controlling HDL levels and cardiovascular risk in hemodialyzed patients, as well as other populations with low levels of HDL-cholesterol.

Relación entre paraoxonasa, otros componentes de HDL y estado inflamatorio en hemodiálisis / Relation between paraoxonase activity, other HDL components and inflammatory conditions in hemodialyzed patients

La enfermedad renal crónica (ERC) se asocia estrechamente con un estado pro-inflamatorio, aumento de lipoproteínas ricas en triglicéridos y disminución de HDL. La HDL contiene enzimas antioxidantes asociadas como la paraoxonasa (PON), cuya actividad en ERC se encuentra disminuida. Nuestro objetivo fue evaluar la relación entre la actividad de PON, apoA1, colesterol(col)-HDL y Proteína C reactiva-altamente sensible (PCR-as) como marcador de inflamación en pacientes en hemodiálisis. Se estudiaron n = 42 pacientes; edad, mediana (rango) = 50 (25-67) años; sexo M/F = 22/20; antigüedad de hemodiálisis = 4.4 ± 0.5 años; índice de masa corporal (IMC) = 23 ± 0.5 kg/m². Se obtuvo una muestra de sangre después de 12 h de ayuno y se determinaron los parámetros clásicos del perfil lipídico, se midieron los valores de apoproteínas A1 y B, PON a través de su actividad arilesterasa y PCR-as, la cual permitió dividir a los pacientes con PCR-as ≤ 1 (bajo riesgo, rango: 0.1 a 1.0 mg/l) y > 1 mg/l (moderado y alto riesgo, 1.1 a 10.7 mg/l). Los niveles de triglicéridos, col-LDL y apoB no fueron diferentes entre los grupos. Los pacientes con PCR-as > 1 presentaron menor col-HDL (40 ± 2 mg/dl) y apoA1 (118 ± 4 mg/dl) que los pacientes con PCR-as ≤ 1 (50 ± 4 y 133 ± 5, respectivamente); p < 0.05. La PON fue menor en PCR-as > 1: 90.5 ± 24.0 μmol/ml.min que en PCR-as ≤ 1: 105.2 ± 18.0. Consecuentemente, se obtuvieron correlaciones inversas entre apoA1 y PCR-as, r = -0.381 p = 0.013 y entre PON y PCR-as, r = -0.32, p = 0.042. Además, el aumento de PCR-as correlacionó positivamente con el IMC, r = 0.318, p = 0.042. La disminución de col-HDL, apoA1 y PON en los individuos con mayor estado inflamatorio explicaría, en parte, el aumento de riesgo cardiovascular de estos pacientes, dado los efectos antiinflamatorios de la apoA1 y antioxidantes de la PON.

Advanced Chronic Renal Disease (CKD) is closely associated with a pro-inflammatory condition, with an increase in triglyceride-rich lipoproteins and decrease in HDL level. HDL contains antioxidant enzymes such as paraoxonase (PON), whose activity is diminished in CKD. The aim of our study was to evaluate the relationship between PON activity with HDL cholesterol, apo A1 and hs-CRP levels, which are known to be inflammatory markers in hemodialyzed patients. Forty-two patients were studied; age, median (range) = 50 (25-67) years old, gender M/F = 22/20, duration of hemodialysis = 4.4 ± 0.5 years, BMI: 23 ± 0.5 kg/m². After a 12 h fast, a blood sample was obtained and classic components of lipid profile were determined, as well as apoproteins A1 and B, PON by means of its arylsterase activity and hs-CRP levels. On the basis of the latter, patients were divided into two groups: hs-CRP ≤ 1 (low risk, range: 0.1 to 1.0 mg/l) and >1 mg/l (moderate and high risk, 1.1 to 10.7 mg/l). No difference was found in triglycerides, LDL cholesterol and apo B in the groups. Patients with hs-CRP > 1 showed lower HDL cholesterol (40 ± 2 mg/dl) and apo A1 (118 ± 4 mg/dl) than patients with hs-CRP ≤ 1 (50 ± 4 and 133 ± 5, respectively); p < 0.05. PON was lower in hs-CRP > 1 = 90.5 ± 24.0 μmol/ml.min than in hs-CRP ≤ 1 = 105.2 ± 18.0. Consequently, inverse correlations were obtained between apo A1 and hs-CRP, r = -0.381, p = 0.013 and between PON and hs-CRP, r = -0.32, p = 0.042. Furthermore, increase in hs-CRP correlated positively with BMI r = 0.318, p = 0.042. Since apo A1 has an anti-inflammatory role and PON an antioxidant activity, the decrease in HDL and its components, cholesterol, apo A1 and PON, in subjects with higher chronic inflammatory condition might explain, in part, the increased cardiovascular risk in these patients.

Efectos de la resistencia a la insulina sobre el riesgo cardiovascular en pacientes hemodializados / Effects of insulin resistance on cardiovascular risk factors in hemodialysis patients

La enfermedad renal crónica (ERC) presenta variable resistencia a la insulina (RI) que impactaría sobre el riesgo cardiovascular. El objetivo fue comparar marcadores lipídicos y de inflamación en pacientes con ERC, con y sin RI estimada por HOMA-IR, con el fin de evaluar si la resistencia a la insulina acentúa el riesgo cardiovascular. Se estudiaron 50 pacientes hemodializados distribuidos según su índice HOMA-IR: < 2.9; n = 35 y > 3.0; n = 15 y 20 controles sanos. Se midieron los niveles lipídicolipoproteico, de apoproteínas A y B, de colesterol asociado a lipoproteínas de baja densidad (LDL) pequeñas y densas (pyd), actividad de lipasa hepática posheparínica (LH), ácidos grasos libres (FFA) y proteína C-reactiva de alta sensibilidad (PCRas). No hubo diferencias en el perfil lipídico-lipoproteico básico ni en FFA entre los dos grupos de pacientes. En cambio, la ERC con HOMA-IR > 3.0 presentó mayor LH (12.0 ± 1.17 μmol FFA/ml PPH.h) y LDLpyd (42.4% ± 6.2) vs. ERC con HOMA-IR < 2.9: 8.8 ± 0.66 y 27.5 ± 2.8, respectivamente, p < 0.018. La LH fue menor en la ERC con HOMA-IR < 2.9 con respecto a los controles (14.4 ± 1.15) y ambos tipos de ERC mostraron aumento de LDLpyd con respecto a los controles (19.6% ± 1.91), p < 0.04. Los niveles de PCR fueron mayores en ambos grupos de ERC con respecto a los controles, sin diferencias en relación con la RI. En los pacientes con ERC sin RI se confirmó la documentada disminución de LH en hemodiálisis; en cambio, en la ERC con RI, la mayor actividad de la LH favorecería la formación de LDLpyd con mayor capacidad aterogénica. La presencia de RI concomitante a ERC agravaría el riesgo cardiovascular, por la mayor proporción de LDLpyd.

Chronic renal failure (CRF) presents variable degrees of insulin resistance (IR) with impacts on cardiovascular risk.The aim was to compare lipid and inflammation markers in hemodialyzed patients, with and without insulinresistance estimated by HOMA-IR in order to evaluate if insulin resistance enhances cardiovascular risk. Fiftyhemodialysis patients divided into HOMA-IR < 2.9; n = 35 and > 3.0; n = 15 were studied, together with 20 healthy controls (C). Lipid-lipoprotein profile, apoproteins A and B, small dense (sd) LDL, postheparin hepatic lipaseactivity (HL), free fatty acids and reactive «C¼ protein-hs (CRP) were measured. No differences were observed in plasma lipid profile and free fatty acids between both groups of hemodialyzed patients. However, patients withHOMA-IR > 3.0 showed increased HL (12.0 ± 1.17 μmol FFA/ml PPH.h) and sdLDL (42.4% ± 6.2) vs. hemodialyzedpatients with HOMA-IR < 2.9: 8.8 ± 0.66 and 27.5 ± 2.8, respectively, p < 0.018. HL was lower in patients withHOMA-IR < 2.9 than in C (14.4 ± 1.15) and both groups of hemodialyzed patients showed an increase in sdLDLin comparison to C (19.6% ± 1.91), p < 0.04. CRP was higher in both groups of hemodialyzed patients than in C, without differences in IR. In patients without IR, the known reduction of HL in hemodialysis was confirmed. However, HL activity in patients with IR would appear to favor sdLDL formation, with increased atherogenic features. The presence of IR concomitant with chronicrenal failure under hemodialysis would seem to increase cardiovascular risk due to a higher proportion of sdLDL.

Factores circulantes de injuria endotelial y procesos subendoteliales en mujeres postmenopáusicas sanas / Endothelial injuring factors and subendothelial events in healthy postmenopausal women

La concentración elevada de lipoproteínas aterogénicas con apo B en mujeres posmenopáusicas (MPM), es un componente importante del mecanismo multifactorial causante de la enfermedad coronaria. En MPM sanas (n=30) en comparación con premenopáusicas (MpreM) (n=28), se evaluó el perfil lipoproteico incluyendo apoproteínas A-I y B, LDL pequeña y densa, composición y oxidabilidad de LDL, proteína transportadora de colesterol esterificado y lipasa hepática. Se determinaron los siguientes factores emergentes: homocisteína, fosfolipasa A2, ferritina, PCR-hs (alta sensibilidad) y fibronectina proveniente de la matriz extracelular. La insulino-resistencia fue evaluada por la circunferencia de cintura, el índice HOMA y el índice triglicéridos/colesterol-HDL. El índice de riesgo apo B/apoA-I fue significativamente mayor en MPM (p<0,0001). MPM presentaron mayor proporción de LDL pequeña y densa, la cual correlacionó con el aumento de actividad de lipasa hepática (p<0,005), y con marcadores de insulino-resistencia (p<0,05). Fosfolipasa A2 (p<0,05), homocisteína (p<0,005), ferritina (p<0,0001), PCR-hs (p<0,005) y fibronectina (p<0,05)) fueron mayores en MPM. La oxidabilidad de LDL no mostró diferencias significativas pero correlacionó positivamente con LDL pequeña y densa (p<0,01), fosfolipasa A2 (p<0,05), homocisteína (p<0,05), PCR-hs (p<0,04), fibronectina (p<0,05) y cintura (p<0,02). Luego de ajustar por la condición menopáusica, edad y cintura, la oxidabilidad de LDL permaneció asociada con LDL pequeña y densa (b:0,36, p=0,027), homocisteína (b:0,36, p<0,038), fibronectina (b:0,41 p=0,05) y cintura (b:0,35, p=0,047). En este estudio, la interacción de factores de riesgo aterogénico clásicos y no tradicionales sugiere una secuencia de eventos que comienzan con la injuria endotelial causada por homocisteína y LDL pequeña y densa, que penetra en subendotelio donde su oxidación es favorecida por la homocisteína. Se produciría un proceso inflamatorio, que cursa con aumento de PCR y ferritina. La fosfolipasa A2, proveniente de macrófagos, atravesaría el endotelio unida a la LDL modificada, y promueve la liberación de fibronectina desde la matriz extracelular. La estrecha interacción entre la injuria endotelial, inflamación e insulino-resistencia se observaría desde estadíos subclínicos de aterosclerosis en MPM sanas.

In postmenopausal women (PMW), high concentrations of atherogenic apoB lipoproteins is an important component of the multifactorial mechanism underlying a higher risk of coronary artery disease, as compared with premenopausal women (PreMW). Lipoprotein pattern, including apopoproteins A-I and B, LDL chemical composition and small dense LDL (sdLDL), hepatic lipase activity, circulating cholesterol transfer protein and LDL oxidability were assessed in PMW (n=30) in comparison to PreMW (n=28). The following endothelial injuring factors were measured: homocysteine, lipoprotein binding phospholipase A2 (LpPLA2), ferritin, hs-CRP and fibronectin coming from extracellular vascular matrix. Insulin-resistance was evaluated by waist circumference, HOMA and triglyceride/HDL-cholesterol. PMW showed higher apoB/apoA-I (p<0.0001) and a higher proportion of sdLDL which showed significant correlations with the increase in hepatic lipase activity (p<0.005) and insulin-resistance markers (p<0.05). LpPLA2 (p<0.05), homocysteine (p<0.005), hs-CRP (p<0.005), fibronectin (p<0.05) and ferritin (p<0.0001) were elevated in PMW. LDL oxidability showed no differences between groups, but was positively correlated with waist (p<0.02), homocysteine (p<0.05), fibronectin (p<0.05), hs-CRP (p<0.04), LpPLA2 (p<0.05) and sdLDL (p<0.01). After adjusting by age, menopausal condition and waist, LDL oxidability remained associated with homocysteine (b: 0,36) p<0,038), sdLDL (b: 0.36, p=0.027), waist (b: 0.35, p=0.047) and fibronectin (b: 0,41 p=0.05). In this study, the interaction of classic and emerging atherogenic risk factors would suggest a sequence of events starting with endothelial damage caused by homocysteine and sdLDL, promoting its passage into the subendothelial space where it is oxidatively modified, enhanced by homocysteine. The above mentioned inflammatory process takes place with an increase in circulating hs-CRP and ferritin. LpPLA2, coming from macrophages, passes through the endothelium bound to modified LDL, promoting a release of fibronectin from the subendothelial extracellular matrix. Results suggest that the close interaction among endothelial injury, inflammation and insulin resistance can be observed since subclinical atherosclerosis states in healthy PMW.

Utilização da EMG de superfície como método de análise de força muscular e função respiratória em portadores de distrofinopatias / Use of EMG of surface as method of analysis of strength muscular and breathing function in patients with muscular dystrophy

As distrofinopatias compreendem as Distrofias Musculares de Duchene (DMD) e Becker (DMB), sendo caracterizadas por degeneração progressiva dos músculos esqueléticos, iniciando nas cinturas escapular, pélvica e tronco, com perda de forca muscular, deformidades e perda da deambulação. Estes pacientes possuem diferença significante em relação aos valores de forca muscular e dados da função respiratória em comparação com valores considerados de normalidade. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a eficácia da utilização de técnicas de avaliação da forca muscular de forma manual e eletromiografia como exame confiável na identificação da evolução de degeneração destes pacientes, bem como comparação dos valores de função respiratória e eletromiografia com índices de normalidade. Demonstrou-se que os testes de forca muscular manual comparados com os resultados de eletromiografia são subjetivos e, os valores de Pemax são inferiores a Pimax, sendo significativa a fraqueza expiratória. Com isto, os tratamentos e prognósticos fisioterapêuticos se tornam mais fidedignos.

The dystrophy diseases includes Muscular Dystrophy of Duchenne (DMD) and Becker (DMB), being characterized by progressive degeneration of the skeletal muscles, beginning in the scapula waist, pelvic and trunk, with loss of strength muscular, deformities and loss of the ambulation. These patients have significant difference in relation to the values of muscular strength and breathing function data in comparison with considered values of normality. The objective of this study was to analyze the effectiveness of the manual techniques used to the muscular strength evaluation and the electromyography as reliable exam in the identification of the evolution of degeneration of these patients, as well as comparison of the values of breathing function and electromyography with normality indexes. It was demonstrated that the tests of manual muscular strength compared with the electromyographic results are subjective and the values of Pemax are inferior to Pimax, being significant the expiratory weakness. So, the treatments and prognostics of physical therapy become more trustworthy.

Lipoprotein alterations in hemodialysis: differences between diabetic and nondiabetic patients.

Both renal failure and type 2 diabetes may contribute synergistically to the dyslipemia of diabetic renal failure with the development of atherosclerosis as the possible consequence. It has not yet been conclusively evaluated whether diabetic patients with end-stage renal failure under maintenance hemodialysis (HD) show accentuated alterations in plasma lipids and lipoproteins in comparison to nondiabetics under HD. These abnormalities would involve hepatic lipase activity and the regulation of triglyceride-rich lipoprotein metabolism. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate whether type 2 diabetic patients undergoing HD exhibited a lipid-lipoprotein profile different from that of nondiabetic hemodialyzed patients. We compared plasma lipids, apoprotein (apo) A-I and B, and lipoprotein parameters among 3 groups: 25 type 2 diabetics, 25 nondiabetics, both undergoing HD, and 20 healthy control subjects. Intermediate-density lipoprotein (IDL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) were isolated by sequential ultracentrifugation. Hepatic lipase activity was measured in postheparin plasma. Both groups of HD patients showed higher triglyceride and IDL cholesterol (P <.001), and lower high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol (P <.01) and apo A-I (P <.001) levels compared to the control group, even after adjustment for age and body mass index (BMI). However, no differences were found in lipid, lipoprotein, and apoprotein concentrations between diabetic and nondiabetic HD patients, except for high LDL triglyceride content of diabetic HD patients (P <.01). Nondiabetics undergoing HD also presented higher LDL triglyceride levels than controls (P <.05). LDL triglyceride correlated with plasma triglycerides (r = 0.51, P <.001). A lower LDL cholesterol/apo B ratio was found in each group of HD patients in comparison to controls (P <.02). Comparing the diabetic and nondiabetic patients, hepatic lipase activity remained unchanged, but significantly lower than control subjects (P <.001). Hepatic lipase correlated with log-triglyceride (r = -0.31, P <.01), IDL cholesterol (r = -0.41, P <.001), and LDL triglyceride (r = -0.32, P <.01). In conclusion, both diabetic and nondiabetic HD patients shared unfavorable alterations in lipid-lipoprotein profile not different between them but different from a healthy control group. The only difference between the groups of HD patients was a significant LDL triglyceride enrichment, which correlated negatively with hepatic lipase activity. Lipoprotein abnormalities in HD patients would enhance their risk for the development of atherosclerosis.